Case Study, GLOA720

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# .times[.Large[.red[Case Studies], <br> .Yellow[Historical Analysis], <br> & .Blue[Process Tracing]]]

# GLOA 720, Method Recap (1)

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# .huge[**Any case study is a .yellow[comparative] analysis.**]

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# Even .yellow[w/o] a fancy case <br> to compare yours with.

# .Large[Because you <br> can always <br> compare to <br>.red[yourself.]]

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# .Large[The job is .red[not] just to describe.] <br> .Green[We ain't no reporters.]

# It is to .yellow[analyze.] In essence, we are doing:

## - within-case comparison: sub-units or over-time

## - across-case: [.red[apples] vs. .red[apples]] or [.red[apples] vs. .orange[oranges]]

- .Large[Or against a .Green[normal] group]

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# Things to care about: .Yellow[**Structured**] and .bluey[**Focused**] comparison

# .bluey[**Focused**]

- .large[not all, but only .yellow[select] aspects of each case: consult the .red[literature] <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M448 336v-288C448 21.49 426.5 0 400 0H96C42.98 0 0 42.98 0 96v320c0 53.02 42.98 96 96 96h320c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-31.1c0-11.72-6.607-21.52-16-27.1v-81.36C441.8 362.8 448 350.2 448 336zM143.1 128h192C344.8 128 352 135.2 352 144C352 152.8 344.8 160 336 160H143.1C135.2 160 128 152.8 128 144C128 135.2 135.2 128 143.1 128zM143.1 192h192C344.8 192 352 199.2 352 208C352 216.8 344.8 224 336 224H143.1C135.2 224 128 216.8 128 208C128 199.2 135.2 192 143.1 192zM384 448H96c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h288V448z"/></svg>]

- .large[discussions stay within the purview of the variables identified]

# .Yellow[**Structured**]

- .large[Units at the same level (or category)]

- .large[Equal treatment: all variables for each case.]

- .large[Don't exclude the ones that don't fit the story. E.g., Skocpol 1979]

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# An .Yellow[example] of selection bias in case study: <br> Skocpol (1979) *State and Social Revolution*

- .large[the idea: external military threat > elite split > chances for revolution]

.pull-left[

### .green[Skocpol (1979)], simplified

|                | revolution                  | .red[no] revolution                 |
|----------------|-----------------------------|-------------------------------|
| elite split    | Russia; France; China (20c) |                               |
| .red[no] elite split |                             | Britain; Germany; China (19c) |

]

.pull-right[
### .Blue[Geddes (1990)]

]

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# .yellow[Actual] Implementation

- .large[.pink[Soaking and Poking]: case immersion]

- exploratory, but goes on detail
  - literature review should be semi-established before this for '.bluey[focus]'

- .large[.Green[Identifying] the Variables]

- Independent, Dependent, and Control Variables
  - Operationalization: what would you mean by '*stronger*'; '*increase*' ?
  - particularly important for qualitative research: '.bluey[structure]'

- .large[.Yellow[explanation]]

- developing the narrative/aruement
  - describe the relationship between the IV and DV
  - with a structure, description = analysis

- .large[**Robustness**] (optional?)

- demonstrate the alternative explanations don't work
  - could be just a good explanation of the control variables

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# Structured Designes (Mill's methods)

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    <th class="tg-6igk"><span style="font-weight:bold">Most Similar</span></th>
    <th class="tg-bq5v">Independent</th>
    <th class="tg-bq5v">Control 1</th>
    <th class="tg-bq5v">Control 2</th>
    <th class="tg-bq5v">outcome</th>
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    <td class="tg-bq5v">case A</td>
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    <td class="tg-bq5v">case B</td>
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## .center[.Yellow[**Structured**] and .bluey[**Focused**]?]

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.content-box-yellow[
.center[# An example (Pepinski 2009)]
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.right-column[

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![](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61NDJf6h7kL._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg)

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# .yellow[.Large[But the actual writing <br> isn't this neat & simple.]]

# .red[Need to go step-by-step <br> using another example.]

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# .content-box-green[Give the general context]

# - basic background

# - some of the factors <br>of interest

# - overview of the <br> empirical approach

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# .content-box-green[Literature Review, of course]

.pull-left[

![](https://github.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/blob/master/images/case_litreview1.png?raw=true)

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.pull-right[

![](https://github.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/blob/master/images/case_litreview2.png?raw=true)

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# .content-box-red[Argument and <br>Variable Description]

# - explain clearly <br> what to expect if <br> the arugment holds

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.content-box-green[
# Now, finally, the empirical analysis: the three cases
]

![](https://github.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/blob/master/images/case1.png?raw=true)

![](https://github.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/blob/master/images/case2.png?raw=true)

![](https://github.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/blob/master/images/case3.png?raw=true)

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# .content-box-purple[Alternative Explanation <br>(robustness checek)]

## - what are some plausible <br> explanations that can <br> .orange[screw up] my finding?

## - can my arguement couter them?

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# .huge[**Comparative .yellow[Historical] Analysis**]

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## "By means of comparative analysis, <br> I want to preserve a sense of <br> .yellow[historical particularity] <br> as far as I can, while still <br> .red[comparing different counts]" <br><br> -- Reinhard Bendix (1976)

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.content-box-red[
# Comparative Historical Analysis: Case Study, but over time.
]

### - Sequence matters.

- .large[often, though not always, used for causal inference (hence the discussions about necessary and sufficient causes in Mahoney (2004))]

### - methods

- .large[variants of Mill's methods, but with .yellow[sequence]]; often *descriptive* and *typological*
  
  - .large[.yellow[process tracing]: a complete anatomy of the intervening process]
  
    - sequence arguments: good at showing *how*; less of causal inference
  
  - .large[others: formal theory and fuzzy sets: .red[not] very recommendable]

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# **Process Tracing**

## - Make sure .yellow[all] steps count.

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.content-box-grey[
# An easy example: Ziblatt (2009), the second half
]

.center[
![](https://github.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/blob/master/images/case_process.png?raw=true)
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.content-box-grey[
# An easy example: Ziblatt (2009), the second half
]

### - Late 19C Germany; **Hypothesis**: high land inequality <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M438.6 278.6l-160 160C272.4 444.9 264.2 448 256 448s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L338.8 288H32C14.33 288 .0016 273.7 .0016 256S14.33 224 32 224h306.8l-105.4-105.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160C451.1 245.9 451.1 266.1 438.6 278.6z"/></svg> electoral fraud

- .content-box-red[existence of strong landed elites]
  
--

- .content-box-yellow[the adoption of universal male suffrage in Germany]

- .content-box-green[landed elites social power erodes]

- .content-box-red[landed elites pressure local officials (appointment; revenue)]

- .content-box-yellow[local officials remove voters from voter rolls]

- .content-box-green[systemic electoral fraud observed]

### - each chain is .red[causally bound]: .times[*why the next step had to happen*]

### - .red[never] a mere chronology