Interview, GLOA720

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# .Large[.yellow[**Interview & Survey**]] <br> .orange[GLOA720], .bluey[Method Refresher (3)]

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# **The Ontology**

## <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M208 48C208 74.51 186.5 96 160 96C133.5 96 112 74.51 112 48C112 21.49 133.5 0 160 0C186.5 0 208 21.49 208 48zM152 352V480C152 497.7 137.7 512 120 512C102.3 512 88 497.7 88 480V256.9L59.43 304.5C50.33 319.6 30.67 324.5 15.52 315.4C.3696 306.3-4.531 286.7 4.573 271.5L62.85 174.6C80.2 145.7 111.4 128 145.1 128H174.9C208.6 128 239.8 145.7 257.2 174.6L302.1 249.3C285.1 266.9 273.4 287.7 265.5 310.8C263.6 308.9 261.1 306.8 260.6 304.5L232 256.9V480C232 497.7 217.7 512 200 512C182.3 512 168 497.7 168 480V352L152 352zM288 368C288 288.5 352.5 224 432 224C511.5 224 576 288.5 576 368C576 447.5 511.5 512 432 512C352.5 512 288 447.5 288 368zM432 464C445.3 464 456 453.3 456 440C456 426.7 445.3 416 432 416C418.7 416 408 426.7 408 440C408 453.3 418.7 464 432 464zM368 328C368 336.8 375.2 344 384 344C392.8 344 400 336.8 400 328V321.6C400 316.3 404.3 312 409.6 312H450.1C457.8 312 464 318.2 464 325.9C464 331.1 461.1 335.8 456.6 338.3L424.6 355.1C419.3 357.9 416 363.3 416 369.2V384C416 392.8 423.2 400 432 400C440.8 400 448 392.8 448 384V378.9L471.5 366.6C486.5 358.6 496 342.1 496 325.9C496 300.6 475.4 280 450.1 280H409.6C386.6 280 368 298.6 368 321.6V328z"/></svg> We want to know what our subjects think/believe.

## <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#12F0DA;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M208 48C208 74.51 186.5 96 160 96C133.5 96 112 74.51 112 48C112 21.49 133.5 0 160 0C186.5 0 208 21.49 208 48zM152 352V480C152 497.7 137.7 512 120 512C102.3 512 88 497.7 88 480V256.9L59.43 304.5C50.33 319.6 30.67 324.5 15.52 315.4C.3696 306.3-4.531 286.7 4.573 271.5L62.85 174.6C80.2 145.7 111.4 128 145.1 128H174.9C208.6 128 239.8 145.7 257.2 174.6L302.1 249.3C285.1 266.9 273.4 287.7 265.5 310.8C263.6 308.9 261.1 306.8 260.6 304.5L232 256.9V480C232 497.7 217.7 512 200 512C182.3 512 168 497.7 168 480V352L152 352zM288 368C288 288.5 352.5 224 432 224C511.5 224 576 288.5 576 368C576 447.5 511.5 512 432 512C352.5 512 288 447.5 288 368zM432 464C445.3 464 456 453.3 456 440C456 426.7 445.3 416 432 416C418.7 416 408 426.7 408 440C408 453.3 418.7 464 432 464zM368 328C368 336.8 375.2 344 384 344C392.8 344 400 336.8 400 328V321.6C400 316.3 404.3 312 409.6 312H450.1C457.8 312 464 318.2 464 325.9C464 331.1 461.1 335.8 456.6 338.3L424.6 355.1C419.3 357.9 416 363.3 416 369.2V384C416 392.8 423.2 400 432 400C440.8 400 448 392.8 448 384V378.9L471.5 366.6C486.5 358.6 496 342.1 496 325.9C496 300.6 475.4 280 450.1 280H409.6C386.6 280 368 298.6 368 321.6V328z"/></svg> We want to know what our subjects .bluey[actually] think/believe.

## <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:orange;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M208 48C208 74.51 186.5 96 160 96C133.5 96 112 74.51 112 48C112 21.49 133.5 0 160 0C186.5 0 208 21.49 208 48zM152 352V480C152 497.7 137.7 512 120 512C102.3 512 88 497.7 88 480V256.9L59.43 304.5C50.33 319.6 30.67 324.5 15.52 315.4C.3696 306.3-4.531 286.7 4.573 271.5L62.85 174.6C80.2 145.7 111.4 128 145.1 128H174.9C208.6 128 239.8 145.7 257.2 174.6L302.1 249.3C285.1 266.9 273.4 287.7 265.5 310.8C263.6 308.9 261.1 306.8 260.6 304.5L232 256.9V480C232 497.7 217.7 512 200 512C182.3 512 168 497.7 168 480V352L152 352zM288 368C288 288.5 352.5 224 432 224C511.5 224 576 288.5 576 368C576 447.5 511.5 512 432 512C352.5 512 288 447.5 288 368zM432 464C445.3 464 456 453.3 456 440C456 426.7 445.3 416 432 416C418.7 416 408 426.7 408 440C408 453.3 418.7 464 432 464zM368 328C368 336.8 375.2 344 384 344C392.8 344 400 336.8 400 328V321.6C400 316.3 404.3 312 409.6 312H450.1C457.8 312 464 318.2 464 325.9C464 331.1 461.1 335.8 456.6 338.3L424.6 355.1C419.3 357.9 416 363.3 416 369.2V384C416 392.8 423.2 400 432 400C440.8 400 448 392.8 448 384V378.9L471.5 366.6C486.5 358.6 496 342.1 496 325.9C496 300.6 475.4 280 450.1 280H409.6C386.6 280 368 298.6 368 321.6V328z"/></svg> Overcoming .orange[bias]; subjectivity; noise is the key.

## <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:yellow;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M208 48C208 74.51 186.5 96 160 96C133.5 96 112 74.51 112 48C112 21.49 133.5 0 160 0C186.5 0 208 21.49 208 48zM152 352V480C152 497.7 137.7 512 120 512C102.3 512 88 497.7 88 480V256.9L59.43 304.5C50.33 319.6 30.67 324.5 15.52 315.4C.3696 306.3-4.531 286.7 4.573 271.5L62.85 174.6C80.2 145.7 111.4 128 145.1 128H174.9C208.6 128 239.8 145.7 257.2 174.6L302.1 249.3C285.1 266.9 273.4 287.7 265.5 310.8C263.6 308.9 261.1 306.8 260.6 304.5L232 256.9V480C232 497.7 217.7 512 200 512C182.3 512 168 497.7 168 480V352L152 352zM288 368C288 288.5 352.5 224 432 224C511.5 224 576 288.5 576 368C576 447.5 511.5 512 432 512C352.5 512 288 447.5 288 368zM432 464C445.3 464 456 453.3 456 440C456 426.7 445.3 416 432 416C418.7 416 408 426.7 408 440C408 453.3 418.7 464 432 464zM368 328C368 336.8 375.2 344 384 344C392.8 344 400 336.8 400 328V321.6C400 316.3 404.3 312 409.6 312H450.1C457.8 312 464 318.2 464 325.9C464 331.1 461.1 335.8 456.6 338.3L424.6 355.1C419.3 357.9 416 363.3 416 369.2V384C416 392.8 423.2 400 432 400C440.8 400 448 392.8 448 384V378.9L471.5 366.6C486.5 358.6 496 342.1 496 325.9C496 300.6 475.4 280 450.1 280H409.6C386.6 280 368 298.6 368 321.6V328z"/></svg> Sometimes .yellow[you] are the problem. (i.e., priming)

## <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#A2D7A0;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M208 48C208 74.51 186.5 96 160 96C133.5 96 112 74.51 112 48C112 21.49 133.5 0 160 0C186.5 0 208 21.49 208 48zM152 352V480C152 497.7 137.7 512 120 512C102.3 512 88 497.7 88 480V256.9L59.43 304.5C50.33 319.6 30.67 324.5 15.52 315.4C.3696 306.3-4.531 286.7 4.573 271.5L62.85 174.6C80.2 145.7 111.4 128 145.1 128H174.9C208.6 128 239.8 145.7 257.2 174.6L302.1 249.3C285.1 266.9 273.4 287.7 265.5 310.8C263.6 308.9 261.1 306.8 260.6 304.5L232 256.9V480C232 497.7 217.7 512 200 512C182.3 512 168 497.7 168 480V352L152 352zM288 368C288 288.5 352.5 224 432 224C511.5 224 576 288.5 576 368C576 447.5 511.5 512 432 512C352.5 512 288 447.5 288 368zM432 464C445.3 464 456 453.3 456 440C456 426.7 445.3 416 432 416C418.7 416 408 426.7 408 440C408 453.3 418.7 464 432 464zM368 328C368 336.8 375.2 344 384 344C392.8 344 400 336.8 400 328V321.6C400 316.3 404.3 312 409.6 312H450.1C457.8 312 464 318.2 464 325.9C464 331.1 461.1 335.8 456.6 338.3L424.6 355.1C419.3 357.9 416 363.3 416 369.2V384C416 392.8 423.2 400 432 400C440.8 400 448 392.8 448 384V378.9L471.5 366.6C486.5 358.6 496 342.1 496 325.9C496 300.6 475.4 280 450.1 280H409.6C386.6 280 368 298.6 368 321.6V328z"/></svg> Inherently .Green[observational] and perhaps interpretive (cf. experiments).

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# .Huge[**Priming** <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M416 400V464C416 490.5 394.5 512 368 512H320V464C320 455.2 312.8 448 304 448C295.2 448 288 455.2 288 464V512H224V464C224 455.2 216.8 448 208 448C199.2 448 192 455.2 192 464V512H144C117.5 512 96 490.5 96 464V400C96 399.6 96 399.3 96.01 398.9C37.48 357.8 0 294.7 0 224C0 100.3 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 100.3 512 224C512 294.7 474.5 357.8 415.1 398.9C415.1 399.3 416 399.6 416 400V400zM160 192C124.7 192 96 220.7 96 256C96 291.3 124.7 320 160 320C195.3 320 224 291.3 224 256C224 220.7 195.3 192 160 192zM352 320C387.3 320 416 291.3 416 256C416 220.7 387.3 192 352 192C316.7 192 288 220.7 288 256C288 291.3 316.7 320 352 320z"/></svg>]

## Applies both to survey and interview

## interferes our analysis by .pink[misleading]

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- .large[*when first seen the word '.red[doctor]', '.yellow[nurse]' stands out in the word bank*]

- .large[*e.g,. pictures of .pink[Africans] vs. .yellow[East Europeans] in the background (Baker 2015*)]
--

- .large[*e.g., .pink[with] vs. .pink[without] info about economic benefits of immigrants (Kobayashi et al. 2018)*]

## <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M224 320c0 17.69 14.33 32 32 32h64c17.67 0 32-14.31 32-32s-14.33-32-32-32h-64C238.3 288 224 302.3 224 320zM267.6 256H352c17.67 0 32-14.31 32-32s-14.33-32-32-32h-80v40C272 240.5 270.3 248.5 267.6 256zM272 160H480c17.67 0 32-14.31 32-32s-14.33-32-32-32h-208.8C271.5 98.66 272 101.3 272 104V160zM320 416c0-17.69-14.33-32-32-32H224c-17.67 0-32 14.31-32 32s14.33 32 32 32h64C305.7 448 320 433.7 320 416zM202.1 355.8C196 345.6 192 333.3 192 320c0-5.766 1.08-11.24 2.51-16.55C157.4 300.6 128 269.9 128 232V159.1C128 151.2 135.2 144 143.1 144S160 151.2 159.1 159.1l0 69.72C159.1 245.2 171.3 271.1 200 271.1C222.1 271.1 240 254.1 240 232v-128C240 81.91 222.1 64 200 64H136.6C103.5 64 72.03 80 52.47 106.8L26.02 143.2C9.107 166.5 0 194.5 0 223.3V312C0 387.1 60.89 448 136 448h32.88C163.4 438.6 160 427.7 160 416C160 388.1 178 364.6 202.1 355.8z"/></svg> But it is considered more as a .orange[pollutant] <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:orange;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M368 128C368 172.4 342.6 211.5 304 234.4V256C304 273.7 289.7 288 272 288H175.1C158.3 288 143.1 273.7 143.1 256V234.4C105.4 211.5 79.1 172.4 79.1 128C79.1 57.31 144.5 0 223.1 0C303.5 0 368 57.31 368 128V128zM167.1 176C185.7 176 199.1 161.7 199.1 144C199.1 126.3 185.7 112 167.1 112C150.3 112 135.1 126.3 135.1 144C135.1 161.7 150.3 176 167.1 176zM280 112C262.3 112 248 126.3 248 144C248 161.7 262.3 176 280 176C297.7 176 312 161.7 312 144C312 126.3 297.7 112 280 112zM3.378 273.7C11.28 257.9 30.5 251.5 46.31 259.4L223.1 348.2L401.7 259.4C417.5 251.5 436.7 257.9 444.6 273.7C452.5 289.5 446.1 308.7 430.3 316.6L295.6 384L430.3 451.4C446.1 459.3 452.5 478.5 444.6 494.3C436.7 510.1 417.5 516.5 401.7 508.6L223.1 419.8L46.31 508.6C30.5 516.5 11.28 510.1 3.378 494.3C-4.526 478.5 1.881 459.3 17.69 451.4L152.4 384L17.69 316.6C1.881 308.7-4.526 289.5 3.378 273.7V273.7z"/></svg>

- .large[*putting up an image of violence when asking opinions about Black Lives Matter*]
--

- .large[*word choice: Iraq 'war' vs. 'invasion'*]
--

- .large[*question order: Qs about Russian invasion of Ukraine before Qs about Russia itself*]

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# .yellow[Keeping asking yourself:]
<br>
<br>
# .center[.times[*"Am I .pink[leading] the person <br> to give me a certain answer?"*]]
<br>

## If already done, .Green[acknowledge] it (and the resultant limitation of analysis).

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# What to do in survey? (Leech 2002)
--

### Rapport (put them at ease)
--

- .large[ordinary languages (*talk w/ you* instead of *interview you*)]
--

- .large[but don't have too much fun]

### Acknowledge, but .pink[don't distort]
--

### Question Order: sensitive later, .yellow[easy first] (with caveat)
--

### Types of Questions

- .large['grand tour']
--

- .large['give me an example']
--

- .large['prompts': follow-ups; hints; specifiers; correctors]

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# How to write <br> using interview data?

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# First, give some <br> empirical context

# Using some data <br> collected from the interview.

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# Of course, literature review

## Helps understand <br> what to focus

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# Method (1)

## Interview sites

## Interviewees

## (more later)

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# Method (2)

## Interview Protocol

### details of <br> implementation

### transparency

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# Method (3)

## Interview method

## size & whom

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# Method (3)

## Interview method

## size & whom

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# Use of Data (1)

## describe

## explain

## .pink[analysis]

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# Use of Data (2)

## whole conversation <br> (if necessary)

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# Use of Data (3)

## Comparison (1)

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# Use of Data (3)

## Comparison (2)

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# Conclusion

## Back to the literature

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# .orange[Survey]

- .large[too wide an area to be condensed]
- .large[all the caveats apply]

- .large[a succinct guideline:]

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/master/images/Jones2013.png)