GLOA720, Primer

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# .huge[.Yellow[.large[**Social Science Methods**]] <br> .Blue[**A Primer (GLOA 720)]**]

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# .Huge[.ivory[**The fundamentals are important.**]]

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# .Huge[But,]

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# Let's make the .ivory[**best**] out of it.

# We talk about:

### - what is science and how do we do it <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#12F0DA;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M288 0H160 128C110.3 0 96 14.3 96 32s14.3 32 32 32V196.8c0 11.8-3.3 23.5-9.5 33.5L10.3 406.2C3.6 417.2 0 429.7 0 442.6C0 480.9 31.1 512 69.4 512H378.6c38.3 0 69.4-31.1 69.4-69.4c0-12.8-3.6-25.4-10.3-36.4L329.5 230.4c-6.2-10.1-9.5-21.7-9.5-33.5V64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H288zM192 196.8V64h64V196.8c0 23.7 6.6 46.9 19 67.1L309.5 320h-171L173 263.9c12.4-20.2 19-43.4 19-67.1z"/></svg>

### - what does a research paper look like? <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:orange;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 0c-41.8 0-77.4 26.7-90.5 64H64C28.7 64 0 92.7 0 128V448c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H320c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V128c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H282.5C269.4 26.7 233.8 0 192 0zm0 64a32 32 0 1 1 0 64 32 32 0 1 1 0-64zM105.8 229.3c7.9-22.3 29.1-37.3 52.8-37.3h58.3c34.9 0 63.1 28.3 63.1 63.1c0 22.6-12.1 43.5-31.7 54.8L216 328.4c-.2 13-10.9 23.6-24 23.6c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24V314.5c0-8.6 4.6-16.5 12.1-20.8l44.3-25.4c4.7-2.7 7.6-7.7 7.6-13.1c0-8.4-6.8-15.1-15.1-15.1H158.6c-3.4 0-6.4 2.1-7.5 5.3l-.4 1.2c-4.4 12.5-18.2 19-30.6 14.6s-19-18.2-14.6-30.6l.4-1.2zM160 416a32 32 0 1 1 64 0 32 32 0 1 1 -64 0z"/></svg>

### - what do we mean by the holy two-by-two table? <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:purple;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M448 96V224H288V96H448zm0 192V416H288V288H448zM224 224H64V96H224V224zM64 288H224V416H64V288zM64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64z"/></svg>

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# What *Science* <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:green;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M160 32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32h32c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V288c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H192c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32V64c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM32 448H320c70.7 0 128-57.3 128-128s-57.3-128-128-128V128c106 0 192 86 192 192c0 49.2-18.5 94-48.9 128H480c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H320 32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32zm80-64H304c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H112c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16z"/></svg>?

### - Knowledge .green[accumulation]: we all make contributions to human knowledge.

![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MjVaq_H_dBE/VDFwHWtem5I/AAAAAAAABBE/SB10YTB1amg/s1600/Extending%2BFrontier%2Bof%2BKnowledge.jpg)

### - the need for standardized .green[methodology] (<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M369.8 37.4c14.7 9.8 18.7 29.7 8.9 44.4L337.1 144H400c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H294.5l-64 96H400c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32s-14.3 32-32 32H187.8l-65.2 97.7c-9.8 14.7-29.7 18.7-44.4 8.9s-18.7-29.7-8.9-44.4L110.9 368H48c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H153.5l64-96H48c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32H260.2l65.2-97.7c9.8-14.7 29.7-18.7 44.4-8.9z"/></svg> methods).

### - the process is .green[inference] <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:green;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M80 104a24 24 0 1 0 0-48 24 24 0 1 0 0 48zm80-24c0 32.8-19.7 61-48 73.3v87.8c18.8-10.9 40.7-17.1 64-17.1h96c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64v-6.7C307.7 141 288 112.8 288 80c0-44.2 35.8-80 80-80s80 35.8 80 80c0 32.8-19.7 61-48 73.3V160c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128H176c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v6.7c28.3 12.3 48 40.5 48 73.3c0 44.2-35.8 80-80 80s-80-35.8-80-80c0-32.8 19.7-61 48-73.3V352 153.3C19.7 141 0 112.8 0 80C0 35.8 35.8 0 80 0s80 35.8 80 80zm232 0a24 24 0 1 0 -48 0 24 24 0 1 0 48 0zM80 456a24 24 0 1 0 0-48 24 24 0 1 0 0 48z"/></svg>.

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# Is Social Science (very) different from National Science?
## Are we not '.red[real]' scientists?

- .Large[We are. Quantitative, not qualitative, differences]

- .Large[.Green[more] prone to sociocultural biases]
  - .Large[more engageßd in less-represented voices]

- .Large[.pink[Balancing] between subjectivity and impact is important]

> "Social science aims for collective knowledge but remains a social process with practices, cultures, and norms that vary across disciplines, geography, and time." (Grossmann 2021, 34)

- .Large[But the basic golden rule remains the same: .green[minimizing bias]]

- .Large[A .green[collective] endeavor works great for this (hence, .orange[peer-reviews]).]

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# .LARGE[As the methods are .pink[standardized], their processes are pretty .red[similar] too.]

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# The Process of (Social) Science .tiny[(working example = 'democratic peace' <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M224 445.3V323.5l-94.3 77.1c26.1 22.8 58.5 38.7 94.3 44.7zM89.2 351.1L224 240.8V66.7C133.2 81.9 64 160.9 64 256c0 34.6 9.2 67.1 25.2 95.1zm293.1 49.5L288 323.5V445.3c35.7-6 68.1-21.9 94.3-44.7zm40.6-49.5c16-28 25.2-60.5 25.2-95.1c0-95.1-69.2-174.1-160-189.3V240.8L422.8 351.1zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256z"/></svg>)]

1. .Large[The Nature (the 'reality') <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:green;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M384 312.7c-55.1 136.7-187.1 54-187.1 54-40.5 81.8-107.4 134.4-184.6 134.7-16.1 0-16.6-24.4 0-24.4 64.4-.3 120.5-42.7 157.2-110.1-41.1 15.9-118.6 27.9-161.6-82.2 109-44.9 159.1 11.2 178.3 45.5 9.9-24.4 17-50.9 21.6-79.7 0 0-139.7 21.9-149.5-98.1 119.1-47.9 152.6 76.7 152.6 76.7 1.6-16.7 3.3-52.6 3.3-53.4 0 0-106.3-73.7-38.1-165.2 124.6 43 61.4 162.4 61.4 162.4.5 1.6.5 23.8 0 33.4 0 0 45.2-89 136.4-57.5-4.2 134-141.9 106.4-141.9 106.4-4.4 27.4-11.2 53.4-20 77.5 0 0 83-91.8 172-20z"/></svg>]

2. .Large[Discovering .Yellow[Research Questions] (a simple question) <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:Purple;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M112 48a48 48 0 1 1 96 0 48 48 0 1 1 -96 0zm40 304V480c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32V256.9L59.4 304.5c-9.1 15.1-28.8 20-43.9 10.9s-20-28.8-10.9-43.9l58.3-97c17.4-28.9 48.6-46.6 82.3-46.6h29.7c33.7 0 64.9 17.7 82.3 46.6l44.9 74.7c-16.1 17.6-28.6 38.5-36.6 61.5c-1.9-1.8-3.5-3.9-4.9-6.3L232 256.9V480c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32V352H152zM432 224a144 144 0 1 1 0 288 144 144 0 1 1 0-288zm0 240a24 24 0 1 0 0-48 24 24 0 1 0 0 48zM368 321.6V328c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16s16-7.2 16-16v-6.4c0-5.3 4.3-9.6 9.6-9.6h40.5c7.7 0 13.9 6.2 13.9 13.9c0 5.2-2.9 9.9-7.4 12.3l-32 16.8c-5.3 2.8-8.6 8.2-8.6 14.2V384c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16s16-7.2 16-16v-5.1l23.5-12.3c15.1-7.9 24.5-23.6 24.5-40.6c0-25.4-20.6-45.9-45.9-45.9H409.6c-23 0-41.6 18.6-41.6 41.6z"/></svg>]

- .large["There is no such thing as a logical methods of having new ideas ... [it is really] an '.red[irrational element]' or a '.red[creative intuition]'"]

- .large[.green[tradition]; .orange[personal interests]; .bluey[boundary crossing]; .Blue[thought experiments] - but be critical, wild, and test-driving]

3. .Large[Constructing .green[Theories] (or Argument) <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:purple;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M96 96V256c0 53 43 96 96 96s96-43 96-96H208c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16h80V192H208c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16h80V128H208c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16h80c0-53-43-96-96-96S96 43 96 96zM320 240v16c0 70.7-57.3 128-128 128s-128-57.3-128-128V216c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24s-24 10.7-24 24v40c0 89.1 66.2 162.7 152 174.4V464H120c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24s10.7 24 24 24h72 72c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24s-10.7-24-24-24H216V430.4c85.8-11.7 152-85.3 152-174.4V216c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24s-24 10.7-24 24v24z"/></svg>]

- .large[clear, parsimonious, relevant, and generalizable-within-boundary *proposition*]
  
  - .large[about the relationship between two or more variables; the '.red[why]' question]
  
  - .large[Model: the world simplified for the argument]

4. .Large[Designing Empirics <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:blue;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M24 32c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24V408c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H72c-39.8 0-72-32.2-72-72V56C0 42.7 10.7 32 24 32zM128 136c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24l208 0c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24l-208 0c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24zm24 72H296c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H152c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24zm0 96H424c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H152c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24s10.7-24 24-24z"/></svg>: to be talked about later]

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## Whichever method you use, it comes down to a .red[holy] table

### variables: factors of interest whose values .Yellow[vary]

.pull-left[

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/master/images/basic720.jpg)

]

.pull-right[

<table class="table" style="font-size: 30px; color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
<tr>
<th style="empty-cells: hide;border-bottom:hidden;" colspan="1"></th>
<th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; " colspan="2"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Dependent.Variable</div></th>
</tr>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Indep.Variable </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> No </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Yes </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> High </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> A </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> Low </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> C </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> D </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

]

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# At the end of the day, most research projects look quite .yellow[similar in structure].

# **Yours** will too, probably.

---
.content-box-blue[
### 1. **Introduction (+ Literature Review)**
]

.content-box-yellow[
### 2. **(Literature Review +) Argument/Hypothesis**
]

.content-box-army[
### 3. **Research Design**
]

.content-box-purple[
### 4. **Empirical Analysis**
]

.content-box-red[
### 5. **Conclusion**
]
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<div class="full-width-tinted"><br>
  <h1> .large[Let's take an .Blue[example].] </h1> 
</div><br><br>

![](https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_1.JPG)

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# Introduction

## - Motivation?

## - What is the .red['problem']?
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# .right[.red[and/or argument]]

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# .Huge[.orange[**The Hypothesis**]]

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# .Large[So the .Blue[**holy**] two-by-two table is:]

<table class="table" style="font-size: 45px; color: black; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
<tr>
<th style="empty-cells: hide;border-bottom:hidden;" colspan="1"></th>
<th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; " colspan="2"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Currency Crisis</div></th>
</tr>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Govt.Support </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> No </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Yes </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; font-weight: bold;color: green !important;"> High </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; "> A </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; "> B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; font-weight: bold;color: green !important;"> Low </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; "> C </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; "> D </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

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![](https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_6.JPG)

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# .Huge[.Yellow[Report the **Result**] & .red[check **robustness**]]

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# This is a quick recap <br> (of 605).

# Nothing here is new or <br> surprising.

# But these are <br>fundamentals.

# We should be on <br> the same page now.