GLOA720, Primer

class: inverse, top, center
background-color: black
background-size: cover
background-image: url(https://textvulture.github.io/images/halfBackground.jpg)

# .huge[.Yellow[.large[**Social Science Methods**]] <br> .Blue[**A Primer (GLOA 720)]**]

---

class: inverse, middle, center
background-image: url(https://github.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/blob/master/images/forestBackground2.jpg?raw=true)

# .Huge[.ivory[**The fundamentals are important.**]]

---
class: inverse
background-image: url(https://media4.giphy.com/media/JsTJO6J9BSsEvlxnIg/200w.gif?cid=6c09b952unpldt5y3xk5p2x8be78r9y441yt6zxggq359z9s&rid=200w.gif&ct=g)
background-size: contain

# .Huge[But,]

---

class: inverse, middle
background-image: url(https://github.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/blob/master/images/sandwatch.jpg?raw=true)
background-size: contain
background-position: right
background-color: black

# Let's make the .ivory[**best**] out of it.

# We talk about:

### - what is science and how do we do it <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#12F0DA;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M437.2 403.5L319.1 215L319.1 64h7.1c13.25 0 23.1-10.75 23.1-24l-.0002-16c0-13.25-10.75-24-23.1-24H120C106.8 0 96.01 10.75 96.01 24l-.0002 16c0 13.25 10.75 24 23.1 24h7.1L128 215l-117.2 188.5C-18.48 450.6 15.27 512 70.89 512h306.2C432.7 512 466.5 450.5 437.2 403.5zM137.1 320l48.15-77.63C189.8 237.3 191.9 230.8 191.9 224l.0651-160h63.99l-.06 160c0 6.875 2.25 13.25 5.875 18.38L309.9 320H137.1z"/></svg>

### - what does a research paper look like? <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:orange;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M282.5 64H320C355.3 64 384 92.65 384 128V448C384 483.3 355.3 512 320 512H64C28.65 512 0 483.3 0 448V128C0 92.65 28.65 64 64 64H101.5C114.6 26.71 150.2 0 192 0C233.8 0 269.4 26.71 282.5 64zM192 128C209.7 128 224 113.7 224 96C224 78.33 209.7 64 192 64C174.3 64 160 78.33 160 96C160 113.7 174.3 128 192 128zM105.4 230.5C100.9 243 107.5 256.7 119.1 261.2C132.5 265.6 146.2 259.1 150.6 246.6L151.1 245.3C152.2 242.1 155.2 240 158.6 240H216.9C225.2 240 232 246.8 232 255.1C232 260.6 229.1 265.6 224.4 268.3L180.1 293.7C172.6 298 168 305.9 168 314.5V328C168 341.3 178.7 352 192 352C205.1 352 215.8 341.5 215.1 328.4L248.3 309.9C267.9 298.7 280 277.8 280 255.1C280 220.3 251.7 192 216.9 192H158.6C134.9 192 113.8 206.9 105.8 229.3L105.4 230.5zM192 384C174.3 384 160 398.3 160 416C160 433.7 174.3 448 192 448C209.7 448 224 433.7 224 416C224 398.3 209.7 384 192 384z"/></svg>

### - what do we mean by the holy two-by-two table? <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:purple;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M448 32C483.3 32 512 60.65 512 96V416C512 451.3 483.3 480 448 480H64C28.65 480 0 451.3 0 416V96C0 60.65 28.65 32 64 32H448zM448 96H288V224H448V96zM448 288H288V416H448V288zM224 224V96H64V224H224zM64 416H224V288H64V416z"/></svg>

---

background-image: url(https://raw.githubusercontent.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/master/images/halfBackground5.jpg)
background-size: contain
background-position: right
background-color: #f0f4f5

# What *Science* <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:green;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M160 320h12v16c0 8.875 7.125 16 16 16h40c8.875 0 16-7.125 16-16V320H256c17.62 0 32-14.38 32-32V64c0-17.62-14.38-32-32-32V16C256 7.125 248.9 0 240 0h-64C167.1 0 160 7.125 160 16V32C142.4 32 128 46.38 128 64v224C128 305.6 142.4 320 160 320zM464 448h-1.25C493.2 414 512 369.2 512 320c0-105.9-86.13-192-192-192v64c70.63 0 128 57.38 128 128s-57.38 128-128 128H48C21.5 448 0 469.5 0 496C0 504.9 7.125 512 16 512h480c8.875 0 16-7.125 16-16C512 469.5 490.5 448 464 448zM104 416h208c4.375 0 8-3.625 8-8v-16c0-4.375-3.625-8-8-8h-208C99.63 384 96 387.6 96 392v16C96 412.4 99.63 416 104 416z"/></svg>?

### - Knowledge .green[accumulation]: we all make contributions to human knowledge.

![](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MjVaq_H_dBE/VDFwHWtem5I/AAAAAAAABBE/SB10YTB1amg/s1600/Extending%2BFrontier%2Bof%2BKnowledge.jpg)

### - the need for standardized .green[methodology] (<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M432 336c0 17.69-14.31 32.01-32 32.01H187.8l-65.15 97.74C116.5 474.1 106.3 480 95.97 480c-6.094 0-12.25-1.75-17.72-5.375c-14.72-9.812-18.69-29.66-8.875-44.38l41.49-62.23H48c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h105.5l63.1-96H48c-17.69 0-32-14.32-32-32.01s14.31-31.99 32-31.99h212.2l65.18-97.77c9.781-14.69 29.62-18.66 44.37-8.875c14.72 9.812 18.69 29.66 8.875 44.38l-41.51 62.27H400c17.69 0 32 14.31 32 31.99s-14.31 32.01-32 32.01h-105.6l-63.1 96H400C417.7 304 432 318.3 432 336z"/></svg> methods).

### - the process is .green[inference] <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:green;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M160 80C160 112.8 140.3 140.1 112 153.3V241.1C130.8 230.2 152.7 224 176 224H272C307.3 224 336 195.3 336 160V153.3C307.7 140.1 288 112.8 288 80C288 35.82 323.8 0 368 0C412.2 0 448 35.82 448 80C448 112.8 428.3 140.1 400 153.3V160C400 230.7 342.7 288 272 288H176C140.7 288 112 316.7 112 352V358.7C140.3 371 160 399.2 160 432C160 476.2 124.2 512 80 512C35.82 512 0 476.2 0 432C0 399.2 19.75 371 48 358.7V153.3C19.75 140.1 0 112.8 0 80C0 35.82 35.82 0 80 0C124.2 0 160 35.82 160 80V80zM80 104C93.25 104 104 93.25 104 80C104 66.75 93.25 56 80 56C66.75 56 56 66.75 56 80C56 93.25 66.75 104 80 104zM368 56C354.7 56 344 66.75 344 80C344 93.25 354.7 104 368 104C381.3 104 392 93.25 392 80C392 66.75 381.3 56 368 56zM80 456C93.25 456 104 445.3 104 432C104 418.7 93.25 408 80 408C66.75 408 56 418.7 56 432C56 445.3 66.75 456 80 456z"/></svg>.

---

# The Process of (Social) Science .tiny[(working example = 'democratic peace' <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:red;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M256 0C114.6 0 0 114.6 0 256s114.6 256 256 256s256-114.6 256-256S397.4 0 256 0zM224 445.1c-36.36-6.141-69.2-22.48-95.59-46.04L224 322.6V445.1zM288 322.6l95.59 76.47C357.2 422.6 324.4 438.1 288 445.1V322.6zM64 256c0-94.95 69.34-173.8 160-189.1v173.7l-135.7 108.6C72.86 321.6 64 289.8 64 256zM423.7 349.2L288 240.6V66.89C378.7 82.2 448 161.1 448 256C448 289.8 439.1 321.6 423.7 349.2z"/></svg>)]

1. .Large[The Nature (the 'reality') <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:green;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M384 312.7c-55.1 136.7-187.1 54-187.1 54-40.5 81.8-107.4 134.4-184.6 134.7-16.1 0-16.6-24.4 0-24.4 64.4-.3 120.5-42.7 157.2-110.1-41.1 15.9-118.6 27.9-161.6-82.2 109-44.9 159.1 11.2 178.3 45.5 9.9-24.4 17-50.9 21.6-79.7 0 0-139.7 21.9-149.5-98.1 119.1-47.9 152.6 76.7 152.6 76.7 1.6-16.7 3.3-52.6 3.3-53.4 0 0-106.3-73.7-38.1-165.2 124.6 43 61.4 162.4 61.4 162.4 .5 1.6 .5 23.8 0 33.4 0 0 45.2-89 136.4-57.5-4.2 134-141.9 106.4-141.9 106.4-4.4 27.4-11.2 53.4-20 77.5 0 0 83-91.8 172-20z"/></svg>]

2. .Large[Discovering .Yellow[Research Questions] (a simple question) <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:Purple;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M208 48C208 74.51 186.5 96 160 96C133.5 96 112 74.51 112 48C112 21.49 133.5 0 160 0C186.5 0 208 21.49 208 48zM152 352V480C152 497.7 137.7 512 120 512C102.3 512 88 497.7 88 480V256.9L59.43 304.5C50.33 319.6 30.67 324.5 15.52 315.4C.3696 306.3-4.531 286.7 4.573 271.5L62.85 174.6C80.2 145.7 111.4 128 145.1 128H174.9C208.6 128 239.8 145.7 257.2 174.6L302.1 249.3C285.1 266.9 273.4 287.7 265.5 310.8C263.6 308.9 261.1 306.8 260.6 304.5L232 256.9V480C232 497.7 217.7 512 200 512C182.3 512 168 497.7 168 480V352L152 352zM288 368C288 288.5 352.5 224 432 224C511.5 224 576 288.5 576 368C576 447.5 511.5 512 432 512C352.5 512 288 447.5 288 368zM432 464C445.3 464 456 453.3 456 440C456 426.7 445.3 416 432 416C418.7 416 408 426.7 408 440C408 453.3 418.7 464 432 464zM368 328C368 336.8 375.2 344 384 344C392.8 344 400 336.8 400 328V321.6C400 316.3 404.3 312 409.6 312H450.1C457.8 312 464 318.2 464 325.9C464 331.1 461.1 335.8 456.6 338.3L424.6 355.1C419.3 357.9 416 363.3 416 369.2V384C416 392.8 423.2 400 432 400C440.8 400 448 392.8 448 384V378.9L471.5 366.6C486.5 358.6 496 342.1 496 325.9C496 300.6 475.4 280 450.1 280H409.6C386.6 280 368 298.6 368 321.6V328z"/></svg>]

- .large["There is no such thing as a logical methods of having new ideas ... [it is really] an '.red[irrational element]' or a '.red[creative intuition]'"]

- .large[.green[tradition]; .orange[personal interests]; .bluey[boundary crossing]; .Blue[thought experiments] - but be critical, wild, and test-driving]

3. .Large[Constructing .green[Theories] (or Argument) <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:purple;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 352c53.03 0 96-42.97 96-96h-80C199.2 256 192 248.8 192 240S199.2 224 208 224H288V192h-80C199.2 192 192 184.8 192 176S199.2 160 208 160H288V127.1h-80c-8.836 0-16-7.164-16-16s7.164-16 16-16L288 96c0-53.03-42.97-96-96-96s-96 42.97-96 96v160C96 309 138.1 352 192 352zM344 192C330.7 192 320 202.7 320 215.1V256c0 73.33-61.97 132.4-136.3 127.7c-66.08-4.169-119.7-66.59-119.7-132.8L64 215.1C64 202.7 53.25 192 40 192S16 202.7 16 215.1v32.15c0 89.66 63.97 169.6 152 181.7V464H128c-18.19 0-32.84 15.18-31.96 33.57C96.43 505.8 103.8 512 112 512h160c8.222 0 15.57-6.216 15.96-14.43C288.8 479.2 274.2 464 256 464h-40v-33.77C301.7 418.5 368 344.9 368 256V215.1C368 202.7 357.3 192 344 192z"/></svg>]

- .large[clear, parsimonious, relevant, and generalizable-within-boundary *proposition*]
  
  - .large[about the relationship between two or more variables; the '.red[why]' question]
  
  - .large[Model: the world simplified for the argument]

4. .Large[Designing Empirics <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:blue;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M32 32C49.67 32 64 46.33 64 64V400C64 408.8 71.16 416 80 416H480C497.7 416 512 430.3 512 448C512 465.7 497.7 480 480 480H80C35.82 480 0 444.2 0 400V64C0 46.33 14.33 32 32 32zM128 128C128 110.3 142.3 96 160 96H352C369.7 96 384 110.3 384 128C384 145.7 369.7 160 352 160H160C142.3 160 128 145.7 128 128zM288 192C305.7 192 320 206.3 320 224C320 241.7 305.7 256 288 256H160C142.3 256 128 241.7 128 224C128 206.3 142.3 192 160 192H288zM416 288C433.7 288 448 302.3 448 320C448 337.7 433.7 352 416 352H160C142.3 352 128 337.7 128 320C128 302.3 142.3 288 160 288H416z"/></svg>: to be talked about later]

---

## Whichever method you use, it comes down to a .red[holy] table

### variables: factors of interest whose values .Yellow[vary]

.pull-left[

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/textvulture/textvulture.github.io/master/images/basic720.jpg)

]

.pull-right[

<table class="table" style="font-size: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
<tr>
<th style="empty-cells: hide;border-bottom:hidden;" colspan="1"></th>
<th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; " colspan="2"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Dependent.Variable</div></th>
</tr>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Independent.Variable </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> No </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Yes </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> High </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> A </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> Low </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> C </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;"> D </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

]

---
.content-box-blue[
## 1. Introduction (+ Literature Review)
]

.content-box-yellow[
## 2. (Literature Review +) Argument/Hypothesis
]

.content-box-army[
## 3. Research Design
]

.content-box-purple[
## 4. Empirical Analysis
]

.content-box-red[
## 5. Conclusion
]
---

class: center, bottom

<div class="full-width-tinted"><br>
  <h1> .large[Let's talk about an .Blue[example].] </h1> 
</div><br><br>

![](https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_1.JPG)

---

class: inverse
background-color: black
background-position: right
background-image: url(https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_2.JPG)
background-size: contain

# Introduction

## - Motivation?

## - What is the .red['problem']?
---

class: inverse, middle
background-color: black
background-image: url(https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_3.JPG)
background-size: contain

---

class: inverse, middle
background-color: black
background-image: url(https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_3_1.jpeg)
background-size: contain

---

background-image: url(https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_4.JPG)
background-size: contain

# .right[.red[and/or argument]]

---

class: top, center
background-image: url(https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_5.JPG)
background-size: contain
background-position: right

# .Huge[.orange[**The Hypothesis**]]

---

# .Large[So the .Blue[**holy**] two-by-two table is:]

<table class="table" style="font-size: 45px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
<tr>
<th style="empty-cells: hide;border-bottom:hidden;" colspan="1"></th>
<th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; " colspan="2"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Currency Crisis</div></th>
</tr>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Govt.Support </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> No </th>
   <th style="text-align:center;"> Yes </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; font-weight: bold;color: green !important;"> High </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; "> A </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; "> B </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; font-weight: bold;color: green !important;"> Low </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; "> C </td>
   <td style="text-align:center;width: 10em; "> D </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

class: center, bottom

![](https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_6.JPG)

---

class: center, middle
background-image: url(https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_7.JPG)
background-size: contain

# .Huge[.Yellow[Report the **Result**] & .red[check **robustness**]]

---

background-image: url(https://textvulture.github.io/images/Steinberg_8.JPG)
background-size: contain

---

class: inverse
background-color: black
background-image: url(https://media.tenor.com/lR41lyFzdD0AAAAM/nothing-new-arun-maini.gif)
background-size: contain
background-position: right

# This is a quick recap <br> (of 605).

# Nothing here is new or <br> surprising.

# But these are <br>fundamentals.

# We should be on <br> the same page now.